Exploring the Ethics of Contested Surgeries

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Metapsychology review: “Cutting to the Core, edited by David Benatar, deals with ethical issues surrounding some of the most controversial surgeries in practice. Discussed are male circumcision and female genital cutting, sex assignment and reassignment, conjoined twin separation, limb and face transplantation, cosmetic surgery, and placebo surgery. The book is organized into six parts, each corresponding to one of these topics. As the editor mentions in his introduction, the aim of this collection was not to present an article for each side of the subjects (i.e., one ‘for’ and one ‘against’). Rather, the goal was to highlight the ethical issues involved with these surgeries by offering the reader various views of and approaches to these issues. Even when the authors’ conclusions agree, their approaches might not… ” It sounds like an interesting book, but I am surprised that it does not appear to include anything about surgical amputation for patients with apotemnophilia, about which I have written several times in FmH.

Talking Back to Prozac

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The New York Review of Books on three new books; the titles tell it all: The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder by Allan V. Horwitz and Jerome C. Wakefield; Shyness: How Normal Behavior Became a Sickness by Christopher Lane; and Let Them Eat Prozac: The Unhealthy Relationship Between the Pharmaceutical Industry and Depression by David Healy. Essayist Frederick Crewes concludes that we have here

“some uncomfortable insights about American psychiatry and its role within a far from rational health care system. That system is too cumbersome and too driven by profit considerations to meet the whole society’s medical needs; but citizens possessing full insurance, when they feel mentally troubled in any way, won’t be denied medication or therapy or both. Nothing more is required than some hypocrisy all around. As for psychiatry’s inability to settle on a discrete list of disorders that can remain impervious to fads and fashions, that is an embarrassment only to clear academic thinkers like these two authors. For bureaucratized psychological treatment, and for the pharmaceutical industry that is now deeply enmeshed in it, confusion has its uses and is likely to persist.”

Oil Officials See Limit Looming on Production

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“The world certainly won’t run out of oil any time soon. And plenty of energy experts expect sky-high prices to hasten the development of alternative fuels and improve energy efficiency. But evidence is mounting that crude-oil production may plateau before those innovations arrive on a large scale. That could set the stage for a period marked by energy shortages, high prices and bare-knuckled competition for fuel.” (WSJ)

Meet Me, Myself And I

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The Concept of the Google-Ganger, that other person with your name you or others discover when your name is googled. (Newsweek).

‘Gelwan’ is a very rare surname and every Google reference to ‘Eliot Gelwan’ relates to this one. My grandfather and his sisters emigrated to the US early in the 20th century; my father and one childless brother were born in New York, so the only Gelwans closely related to me are my brother and my children (my wife keeps her own name).

I’ve discovered several other “Gelwans’ through Google. Perhaps uncannily, three others, all in the New York area, (a husband, wife, and brother) are physicians, like myself. I have been in e-contact with them and we cannot figure out any way in which we might be related. Probably we represent a case of convergent evolution — different names from Eastern Europe identically anglicized at Ellis Island.

There is also a Vladimir Gelwan, who used to be the principal dancer with the Latvian National Ballet and now has a ballet school in Berlin. I suspect he and I might be related, since my paternal ancestors are known to have come from Riga. And then there are the Brazilian and Lebanese Gelwans, as discovered by googling. I have written to Berlin, to Brazil and to Beirut, but have not gotten replies.

My father once told me that a Gelwan had once knocked on our door in New York when I was a young child, having come from Brazil and discovered us in a New York City phone book.

Since we have such an attenuated family, my perennial search for Gelwans online is I think motivated by a yearning for family connectivity — especially for my children’s sake — as much as the usual ego-driven pleasures of googling one’s name. Ah, well, for better or worse a fate you with more common names, or those where more geneological precision is possible, will never experience…

Not A River in Egypt…

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Denial Makes the World Go Round: “…[R]ecent studies from fields as diverse as psychology and anthropology suggest that the ability to look the other way, while potentially destructive, is also critically important to forming and nourishing close relationships. The psychological tricks that people use to ignore a festering problem in their own households are the same ones that they need to live with everyday human dishonesty and betrayal, their own and others’. And it is these highly evolved abilities, research suggests, that provide the foundation for that most disarming of all human invitations, forgiveness.” (New York Times)

Beowulf vs. The Lord of the Rings

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Living Universe vs. 3D Voyage to Schlockville: “Robert Zemeckis’ new film Beowulf gives a whole new meaning to the phrase ‘the sublime and the ridiculous.’ Zemeckis took the oldest and most important text of our ur-language, and turned it into a 3-D Disneyland ride so cheesy he should have called it Anglo-Saxons of the Caribbean. Of course, there’s nothing new or surprising about this. Hollywood has been profaning history and literature since long before Cecil B. DeMille cast Charlton Heston as Moses. If the Bible isn’t sacred, why should the oldest poem in our ancestral language be? But the Beowulf travesty is especially glaring, because of the obvious contrast with another work that mined the same ancient field: J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. ” — Gary Kamiya (Salon)

Clowns Interrupt CIA Recruitment at UCSB

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Students Protest CIA’s Torture Tactics: “…[A] group of protesters interrupted the recruiter’s PowerPoint presentation by placing one of their fellow clowns on the front table, binding his hands and arms, and pouring water on his face to simulate waterboarding torture in front of the presentation’s unsuspecting audience. The group also held a mock press conference citing historical torture statistics and played limbo with a fuzzy green boa before the recruiters quickly packed up their equipment and left the room.” (Daily Nexus)

The Biggest Lie Told To The American People

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Ahmadinejad’s Alleged Remarks On Israel: “As someone who was born in Tehran, lived there for seventeen years and is a native Farsi speaker, I have read the original transcripts of the speech in Farsi and want to inform you that Ahmadinejad never said ‘Israel must be wiped off the map,’ but rather, his statement was grossly mistranslated and taken out of context, perhaps to help make a case for military action against Iran.” – Sam Sedaei Huffington Post)

Memory

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Remember This: “There is a 41-year-old woman, an administrative assistant from California known in the medical literature only as ‘AJ,’ who remembers almost every day of her life since age 11. There is an 85-year-old man, a retired lab technician called ‘EP,’ who remembers only his most recent thought. She might have the best memory in the world. He could very well have the worst.” (National Geographic Magazine)

Why I and O are dull for synaesthetes

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From New Scientist: “David Eagleman of Baylor College of Medicine in Texas has looked at more than 1000 synaesthetes who see colours when viewing some letters and numbers. He found that frequently used letters are most likely to evoke colours, while letters such as Q and X are less likely to do so. However, Eagleman spotted two frequently used letters that bucked this trend: I and O. He also noticed that the numbers 1 and 0 are often not coloured. Eagleman thinks this may be because these characters are made up from natural shapes that we learn to recognise before mastering the alphabet or learning to …”

Think you’re helping the environment by recycling that old computer?

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Destination of ‘recycled’ electronics may surprise you: “While there are no precise figures, activists estimate that 50 to 80 percent of the 300,000 to 400,000 tons of electronics collected for recycling in the U.S. each year ends up overseas. Workers in countries such as China, India and Nigeria then use hammers, gas burners and their bare hands to extract metals, glass and other recyclables, exposing themselves and the environment to a cocktail of toxic chemicals.” (CNN)

Is Dirtiness Next to Healthiness?

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This CBC opinion piece by Stephen Strauss calls for more systematic research on the hygiene hypothesis, the idea that we live in too clean a world to be good for our immune systems. The results may include the epidemic of asthma, eczema, allergies and perhaps even some autoimmune disorders like juvenile diabetes.

On the other hand, Times of London columnist Melanie Reid laments the increasing incidence of the potentially fatal bug E. Coli 0157 throughout the environment and its implication that we can no longer let our children drink free-running water from our mountain streams.

“There is now a move to raise public awareness about the increasing incidence of the bug in the natural environment. And this is where it gets controversial; for it is all about balance of risk. And scientists have to convince us that this is not just another manifestation of the nanny state, possessed of a burning desire to overregulate.

What they’re trying to formulate at the moment is what controls to put on animals, and how to inform walkers, campers, farmers; and people who live in rural communities with private water supplies. It looks like being a predictable litany: get your private water supply checked; wash your hands after handling animals; carry hand wipes; use bottled water; don’t drink from streams; don’t picnic or camp where animals are grazing; don’t get too muddy.

One scientist even used the analogy of traffic to convince those who resist the advice. In the 1920s you could walk across the road without looking right or left. Would you do that today?

The argument – that improvements in hygiene, not medicine, made the world safer – is a persuasive one, but it’s also terribly sad. There’s something desperately mournful about being told that the countryside, the wellspring of us all, is now a threat. It feels like the severing of some important connection, because in a funny way, the countryside has come to represent the lost land of the free: the last place where you can find an illusion of escape.

There’s an irony, too, in that the rush to the great outdoors has never been greater.”

Beyond cute and cuddly

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“How is this for a new conservation mantra? Eat the panda. Let the tiger die out. And let’s admit that species such as the condor have had their day and let them quietly fade away instead of spending limited conservation resources trying to keep them alive. That is heresy to traditional conservationists but it is a view being propounded by activists calling for a radical rethink of priorities, especially as climate change threatens to accelerate the number of extinctions in the next few decades.” (The Australian)

People who skip meals:

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Are they better off?: “Foregoing food for a day each month stood out among other religious practices in members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS or Mormons), who have lower rates of heart disease than other Americans, researchers reported at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions 2007. “People who fast seem to receive a heart-protective benefit, and this appeared to also hold true in non-LDS people who fast as part of a health-conscious lifestyle,” said Benjamin D. Horne, Ph.D., M.P.H., study author and director of cardiovascular and genetic epidemiology at Intermountain Medical Center and adjunct assistant professor of biomedical informatics at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. In the 1970s, scientists recognized that Latter-Day Saints (LDS) in Utah are less likely to die of heart disease than other Utah residents and Americans overall. The religious prohibition against tobacco use is usually credited for the health benefit, but researchers wondered whether other religious teachings also may be important(.” )Eurekalert

Waiting for Good Joe

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Do coffee shops discriminate against women?: “My female colleagues don’t go to coffee shops because they’re shabbily treated when they get there. That’s the conclusion of American economist Caitlin Knowles Myers. She, with her students as research assistants, staked out eight coffee shops (PDF) in the Boston area and watched how long it took men and women to be served. Her conclusion: Men get their coffee 20 seconds earlier than do women. (There is also evidence that blacks wait longer than whites, the young wait longer than the old, and the ugly wait longer than the beautiful. But these effects are statistically not as persuasive.)” — Tim Harford (Slate)

Related:

Starbucks Gossip

Jim Romenesko, of Obscure Store fame, keeps a weblog about “America’s favorite drug dealer.”

African Crucible:

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Cast as Witches, Then Cast Out: “In parts of Angola, Congo and the Congo Republic, a surprising number of children are accused of being witches, and then are beaten, abused or abandoned. Child advocates estimate that thousands of children living in the streets of Kinshasa, Congo’s capital, have been accused of witchcraft and cast out by their families, often as a rationale for not having to feed or care for them.” (New York Times )

What Makes a Terrorist

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Alan Krueger, who teaches economics and public policy at Princeton and has been an adviser to the National Counterterrorism Center, feels economists ought to have something to say about the matter. Although it seems plausible that those who have little turn their frustrations on others, empirical evidence is clear that it is not the have-nots or the uneducated who become terrorists, but the better-educated and more advantaged. In fact, the author writes, it makes little sense to look at the supply side for explanations or, for that matter, for interventions. People are motivated to join extremist causes for a variety of reasons. Correcting or countering one will leave diverse others.

That suggests to me that it makes sense to focus on the demand side, such as by degrading terrorist organizations’ financial and technical capabili­ties, and by vigorously protecting and promoting peaceful means of protest, so there is less demand for pursuing grievances through violent means. Policies intended to dampen the flow of people willing to join terrorist organizations, by contrast, strike me as less likely to succeed.

The evidence we have seen thus far does not foreclose the possibility that members of the elite become terrorists because they are outraged by the economic conditions of their countrymen. This is a more difficult hypothesis to test, but, it turns out, there is little empirical sup­port for it.

Not only do terrorists not arise from the poorer segments of societies, but they do not tend to come from the poorest countries. The sociopolitical factors that correlate most with the creation of terorists turn out to be suppression of civil liberties and individual freedoms. Even international terrorists appear to be motivated by local concerns. In short (and it sounds obvious when stated in this way):

The evidence suggests that terrorists care about influencing political outcomes. They are often motivated by geopolitical grievances. To under­stand who joins terrorist organizations, instead of asking who has a low salary and few opportunities, we should ask: Who holds strong political views and is confident enough to try to impose an extrem­ist vision by violent means? Most terrorists are not so desperately poor that they have nothing to live for. Instead, they are people who care so fervently about a cause that they are willing to die for it.

(The American)

‘Reductio ad Absurdum’ Dept.

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Depression Study Suggests Model for Neurological Basis of Psychotherapy: ‘A new study has provided preliminary evidence that similar neurobiological mechanisms underlie psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. The study found an association between genotypic variation in 2 receptors associated with antidepressant response and patients’ responses to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Specific polymorphisms of HTR2A (a serotonin receptor) and NTRK2 (a receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF), as well as their interactions, appear to predict the effectiveness of CBT in patients with unipolar depression.’ (Medscape)

Oh man, is this an unwarranted stretch if I have ever heard one. The fact that a genotypic variation which correlates with antidepressant responsiveness also correlates with responsiveness to a type of talk therapy for depression carries next to no implication that that mechanisms at that receptor underlie the neurobiological response to therapy! I hope it is easy to see that this is an exemplar of the classical fallacy of taking correlation for causation. Through the years, there have been a spate of speculative papers attempting to reduce psychotherapy response to a neurobiological mechanism. Well, duh, all mental events operate via neurons and neurochemicals, right? Surely ‘reduce’, as in reductionism, is the operative word in these attempts.

NerdArt

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Kevin Kelly writes: “More than once, the nerdy Icelandic/Danish artist Olafur Eliasson has donated 3 tons of white lego bricks to a community and had their kids construct cityscapes. The resulting art is beautiful. I much prefer fantasy constructions with Lego, to any reproduction of an existing thing, which most Lego building seems to be about. These community built cities have all the glory of community built cities in real life.” (KK Lifestream )
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Why blame me? It was all my brain’s fault

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The dubious rise of ‘neurolaw’: “The legal profession in America is taking an increasing interest in neuroscience. There is a flourishing academic discipline of “neurolaw” and neurolawyers are penetrating the legal system. Vanderbilt University recently opened a $27 million neuroimaging centre and hopes to enrol students in a programme in the law and neuroscience. In the courts, as in the trial of serial rapist and murderer Bobby Joe Long, brain-scan evidence is being invoked in support of pleas of diminished responsibility. The idea is abroad that developments in neuroscience – in particular the observation of activity in the living brain, using techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging – have shown us that we are not as free, or as accountable for our actions, as we traditionally thought.” (Times.UK)

How to Fight Childhood Blindness

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“By embracing genetically modified ‘golden rice,’ says Greenpeace co-founder Patrick Moore, the world can help millions of people in developing countries: …’I am often asked why I broke ranks with Greenpeace after co-founding the group in 1971 and then spending 15 years in its leadership as a full-time environmental activist. One of the main reasons was that by the mid-1980s the environmental movement had abandoned science and logic in favor of scare tactics and sensationalism.'” (The American)

Poe’s Mysterious Death:

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The Plot Thickens! “There are numerous competing theories about Mr. Poe’s death—the Edgar Allan Poe Museum in Richmond, Virginia, even has an exhibit dedicated to all of them. Some Poe experts believe it was the result of drink. Others think he had rabies. A few argue he was poisoned by corrupt political operatives. But [Matthew] Pearl—a 32-year-old graduate of Harvard College and Yale Law School, whose 2003 debut, the international best seller The Dante Club, prompted Da Vinci Code author Dan Brown to declare him, “the new star of literary fiction”—told The Observer recently that he has unearthed new information that suggests a less sensational answer: ” (The New York Observer)

Who Needs Classical Music?

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Books: The Musical Mystique: “Last January, Gene Weingarten, a Washington Post columnist, persuaded the violinist Joshua Bell to join him in an experiment. Bell was to dress in jeans, a T-shirt, and a baseball cap, position himself at the head of the escalator in the L’Enfant Plaza subway station at the height of the morning rush hour, open his violin case, take out his $3.5 million Stradivarius, launch into Bach’s D-minor Chaconne for solo violin, and see what happened.” (The New Republic)

Botox for the brain?

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Brain-boosting drugs spark ethical debate: ‘A rise in healthy people popping pills to boost performance in exams or work, raises long-term ethical and safety concerns about the effects of such treatments, British doctors said on Thursday…

The ability of prescription drugs and medical procedures to improve intellectual performance is likely to increase significantly in the next 20 to 30 years as technology advances.

“We know that there is likely to be a demand by healthy individuals for this treatment,” Dr Tony Calland, chairman of the BMA’s Medical Ethics Committee said at the launch of a discussion paper on the issue. “However, given that no drug or invasive medical procedure is risk free, is it ethical to make them available to people who are not ill?”

Surreptitious use of brain-boosting prescription drugs is particularly common in the United States and likely to increase in Britain, the BMA said…

Today, the use of pharmaceutical aids to boost performance is mainly confined to certain groups — notably students cramming for exams.Popular choices include drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, such as Ritalin, or methylphenidate, made by Novartis AG and others.Another favorite is modafinil, the active ingredient in Cephalon Inc’s narcolepsy medicine Provigil…’ (Scientific American)

The fallacy in this concern is that we can ever effectively decide whether a given person is ill or just well and cheating. The boundaries of illness are social constructions dependent on cultural norms. It is easy to point to the enormous influence of the profit-driven pharmaceutical industry but I think our collective mental ecology is being betrayed by psychiatrists and other metal health professionals who should be smart enough to know better. Pharmacological determinism has gone fist in glove with medicalizing and pathologizing personality traits and normal human variability.

Happier Facing Death?

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‘Here’s one for the annals of counterintuitive findings: When asked to contemplate the occasion of their own demise, people become happier than usual, instead of sadder, according to a new study in the November issue of Psychological Science. Researchers say it’s a kind of psychological immune response — faced with thoughts of our own death, our brains automatically cope with the conscious feelings of distress by nonconsciously seeking out and triggering happy feelings, a mechanism that scientists theorize helps protect us from permanent depression or paralyzing despair.

It might explain the shift toward more positive emotions and thought processes as people age and approach death, and the preternaturally positive outlook that some terminally ill patients seem to muster. Though it looks a lot like old-fashioned denial, that’s not the case, says lead author Nathan DeWall. It’s not that “‘I know I’m going to die, but I just con myself into thinking I’m not.’ I don’t think that’s what’s going on here,” says DeWall. “I think what’s happening is that people are really unaware of [their own resilience]…”‘ (Time)

For Those Who Wondered What She’s Up to Next

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“J.K. Rowling has completed her first book after her wildly popular series on teen wizard Harry Potter – an illustrated collection of magical fairy stories titled ‘The Tales of Beedle the Bard.’ Only seven copies of the handwritten book have been made, Rowling said Thursday. One will be auctioned next month to raise money for a children’s charity, while the others have been given away as gifts.” (Wired)

Which Advertiser Is on Your Friend List?

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“Esther Dyson… asked a great question at the Behavioral Advertising Town Hall today in Washington. As quoted by MediaPost, Ms. Dyson wondered whether the way people are controlling information on social networks shouldn’t also apply to advertising: “If I curate my profile… and if I can decide which of my friends can see which part of my profile, why can’t I do that for marketers?”” (New York Times)

Prostates and Prejudices

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Paul Krugman: ‘“My chance of surviving prostate cancer — and thank God I was cured of it — in the United States? Eighty-two percent,” says Rudy Giuliani in a new radio ad attacking Democratic plans for universal health care. “My chances of surviving prostate cancer in England? Only 44 percent, under socialized medicine.”

It would be a stunning comparison if it were true. But it isn’t. And thereby hangs a tale — one of scare tactics, of the character of a man who would be president and, I’m sorry to say, about what’s wrong with political news coverage.

Let’s start with the facts: Mr. Giuliani’s claim is wrong on multiple levels — bogus numbers wrapped in an invalid comparison embedded in a smear. ‘ (New York Times op-ed)

Related?

Beyond Those Health Care Numbers

N. Gregory Mankiw: ‘With the health care system at the center of the political debate, a lot of scary claims are being thrown around. The dangerous ones are not those that are false; watchdogs in the news media are quick to debunk them. Rather, the dangerous ones are those that are true but don’t mean what people think they mean.

Here are three of the true but misleading statements about health care that politicians and pundits love to use to frighten the public…’ (New York Times op-ed)

Mankiw is a professor of economics at Harvard. He was an adviser to President Bush and is advising Mitt Romney in the current presidential campaign.

Noun Verb 9/11 Iran = Democrats’ Defeat?

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Frank Rich: “…what happens if President Bush does not bomb Iran? That is good news for the world, but potentially terrible news for the Democrats. If we do go to war in Iran, the election will indeed be a referendum on the results, which the Republican Party will own no matter whom it nominates for president. But if we don’t, the Democratic standard-bearer will have to take a clear stand on the defining issue of the race. As we saw once again at Tuesday night’s debate, the front-runner, Hillary Clinton, does not have one.” (New York Times op-ed)

Biden: Rudy’s Sentences Consist Of "A Noun, A Verb, And 9/11"

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Noted on The Huffington Post: “‘And the irony is, Rudy Giuliani, probably the most underqualified man since George Bush to seek the presidency, is here talking about any of the people here. Rudy Giuliani… I mean, think about it! Rudy Giuliani. There’s only three things he mentions in a sentence — a noun, a verb, and 9/11. There’s nothing else! There’s nothing else! And I mean this sincerely. He’s genuinely not qualified to be president.'”

Happy Samhain

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A reprise of my Hallowe’en post of years past:

It is that time of year again. What has become a time of disinhibited hijinx and mayhem, and a growing marketing bonanza for the kitsch-manufacturers and -importers, has primeval origins as the Celtic New Year’s Eve, Samhain (pronounced “sow-en”). The harvest is over, summer ends and winter begins, the Old God dies and returns to the Land of the Dead to await his rebirth at Yule, and the land is cast into darkness. The veil separating the worlds of the living and the dead becomes frayed and thin, and dispossessed dead mingle with the living, perhaps seeking a body to possess for the next year as their only chance to remain connected with the living, who hope to scare them away with ghoulish costumes and behavior, escape their menace by masquerading as one of them, or placate them with offerings of food, in hopes that they will go away before the new year comes. For those prepared, a journey to the other side could be made at this time. It is fortunate that Hallowe’en falls on a Monday this year, as there is evidence that the pagan festival was celebrated for three days.

With Christianity, perhaps because with calendar reform it was no longer the last day of the year, All Hallows’ Eve became decathected, a day for innocent masquerading and fun, taking its name Hallowe’en as a contraction and corruption of All Hallows’ Eve. All Saints’ Day may have originated in its modern form with the 8th century Pope Gregory III. Hallowe’en customs reputedly came to the New World with the Irish immigrants of the 1840’s. The prominence of trick-or-treating has a slightly different origin, however.

The custom of trick-or-treating is thought to have originated not with the Irish Celts, but with a ninth-century European custom called souling. On November 2, All Souls Day, early Christians would walk from village to village begging for “soul cakes,” made out of square pieces of bread with currants. The more soul cakes the beggars would receive, the more prayers they would promise to say on behalf of the dead relatives of the donors. At the time, it was believed that the dead remained in limbo for a time after death, and that prayer, even by strangers, could expedite a soul’s passage to heaven.

Jack-o’-lanterns were reportedly originally turnips; the Irish began using pumpkins after they immigrated to North AMerica, given how plentiful they were here.

The Jack-o-lantern custom probably comes from Irish folklore. As the tale is told, a man named Jack, who was notorious as a drunkard and trickster, tricked Satan into climbing a tree. Jack then carved an image of a cross in the tree’s trunk, trapping the devil up the tree. Jack made a deal with the devil that, if he would never tempt him again, he would promise to let him down the tree.

According to the folk tale, after Jack died, he was denied entrance to Heaven because of his evil ways, but he was also denied access to Hell because he had tricked the devil. Instead, the devil gave him a single ember to light his way through the frigid darkness. The ember was placed inside a hollowed-out turnip to keep it glowing longer.

Folk traditions that were in the past associated wtih All Hallows’ Eve took much of their power, as with the New Year’s customs about which I write here every Dec. 31st, from the magic of boundary states, transition and liminality.

The idea behind ducking, dooking or bobbing for apples seems to have been that snatching a bite from the apple enables the person to grasp good fortune. Samhain is a time for getting rid of weakness, as pagans once slaughtered weak animals which were unlikely to survive the winter. A common ritual calls for writing down weaknesses on a piece of paper or parchment, and tossing it into the fire. There used to be a custom of placing a stone in the hot ashes of the bonfire. If in the morning a person found that the stone had been removed or had cracked, it was a sign of bad fortune. Nuts have been used for divination: whether they burned quietly or exploded indicated good or bad luck. Peeling an apple and throwing the peel over one’s shoulder was supposed to reveal the initial of one’s future spouse. One way of looking for omens of death was for peope to visit churchyards

The Witches’ Sabbath aspect of Hallowe’en seems to result from Germanic influence, and fusion with the notion of Walpurgisnacht. (Familiar with the magnificent musical evocation of this, Mussorgsky’s Night on Bare Mountain?) Although probably not yet in a position to shape mainstream American Hallowe’en traditions, Mexican Dia de los Muertos observances have started to contribute some delightful and whimsical iconography to our encounter with the eerie and unearthly as well.

What was Hallowe’en like forty or fifty years ago in the U.S. when, bastardized as it has become with respect to its pagan origins, it retained a much more traditional flair? For my purposes, suffice it to say that it was before the era of the pay-per-view ‘spooky-world’ type haunted attractions and its Martha Stewart yuppification with, as this irreverent Salon article from several years ago [via walker] puts it, monogrammed jack-o’-lanterns and the like. Related, a 1984 essay by Richard Seltzer, frequently referenced in other sources, entitled “Why Bother to Save Hallowe’en?”, argues as I do that reverence for Hallowe’en is good for the soul.

“Maybe at one time Hallowe’en helped exorcise fears of death and ghosts and goblins by making fun of them. Maybe, too, in a time of rigidly prescribed social behavior, Hallowe’en was the occasion for socially condoned mischief — a time for misrule and letting loose. Although such elements still remain, the emphasis has shifted and the importance of the day and its rituals has actually grown.

…(D)on’t just abandon a tradition that you yourself loved as a child, that your own children look forward to months in advance, and that helps preserve our sense of fellowship and community with our neighbors in the midst of all this madness.”

That would be anathema to certain segments of society, however. Hallowe’en certainly inspires a backlash by fundamentalists who consider it a blasphemous abomination. ‘Amateur scholar’ Isaac Bonewits details academically the Hallowe’en errors and lies he feels contribute to its being reviled. Some of the panic over Hallowe’en is akin to the hysteria, fortunately now debunked, over the supposed epidemic of ‘ritual Satanic abuse’ that swept the Western world in the ’90’s.

The horror film has become inextricably linked to Hallowe’en tradition, although the holiday itself did not figure in the movies until John Carpenter took the slasher genre singlehandedly by storm. Googling “scariest films”, you will, grimly, reap a mother lode of opinions about how to pierce the veil to journey to the netherworld and reconnect with that magical, eerie creepiness in the dark (if not the over-the-top blood and gore that has largely replaced the subtlety of earlier horror films).

In any case: trick or treat!

Castle Frankenstein

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The real one, near Darmstadt, Germany, said to be the inspiration for Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel, including photos. And here you can listen (Real Player) to the famous 1952 ‘Frankenstein prank’ in which something was waiting for an Armed Forces reporter who visited the crypt under the castle on Halloween night.

The Evangelical Crackup

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“The 2008 election is just the latest stress on a system of fault lines that go much deeper. The phenomenon of theologically conservative Christians plunging into political activism on the right is, historically speaking, something of an anomaly. Most evangelicals shrugged off abortion as a Catholic issue until after the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision. But in the wake of the ban on public-school prayer, the sexual revolution and the exodus to the suburbs that filled the new megachurches, protecting the unborn became the rallying cry of a new movement to uphold the traditional family. Now another confluence of factors is threatening to tear the movement apart. The extraordinary evangelical love affair with Bush has ended, for many, in heartbreak over the Iraq war and what they see as his meager domestic accomplishments. That disappointment, in turn, has sharpened latent divisions within the evangelical world — over the evangelical alliance with the Republican Party, among approaches to ministry and theology, and between the generations.” (New York Times Magazine)

Kucinich questions Bush’s mental health

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‘Democratic presidential candidate Dennis Kucinich questioned President Bush’s mental health in light of comments he made about a nuclear Iran precipitating World War III. “I seriously believe we have to start asking questions about his mental health,” Kucinich, an Ohio congressman, said in an interview with The Philadelphia Inquirer’s editorial board on Tuesday. “There’s something wrong. He does not seem to understand his words have real impact.”

…Bush made the remarks at a news conference earlier this month. He said: “I’ve told people that if you’re interested in avoiding World War III, it seems like you ought to be interested in preventing them (Iran) from having the knowledge necessary to make a nuclear weapon.”

Kucinich said he doesn’t believe his comments about the president’s mental health are irresponsible, according to a story posted on the newspaper’s Web site. “You cannot be a president of the United States who’s wanton in his expression of violence,” Kucinich said. “There’s a lot of people who need care. He might be one of them. If there isn’t something wrong with him, then there’s something wrong with us. This, to me, is a very serious question.”‘ (AP via Yahoo! )

While I certainly think that assessment of mental health should be left to professionals, I think it is irresponsible not to raise concerns such as Kucinich does here. I have long held that the President’s publicly acknowledged obligation to the people to be in good enough health to govern (as reflected in having an annual checkup and making the findings public) should extend to her/his mental health. The results of an annual, if not more frequent, mental health evaluation should also be made public. Would Kucinich, or any other candidate, commit themselves to that as a campaign promise, in light of Dubya’s evident imbalance?

One in 10 high schools:

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‘Dropout Factories’: “It’s a nickname no principal could be proud of: ‘Dropout Factory,’ a high school where no more than 60 percent of the students who start as freshmen make it to their senior year. That dubious distinction applies to more than one in 10 high schools across America.”

Is this a new kind of matter?

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The crystalline mineral herbertlewisite, in its pure form, may be not a solid but a string-net liquid, a new state of matter with unique quantum properties. Not only that, it may be the key to the deepest structure of the universe. (New Scientist)

Dramatic Comet Outburst Could Last Weeks

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“A comet that suddenly brightened earlier this week has astronomers around the globe fascinated. And the show could go on for some time.

Comet Holmes, discovered in 1892, had in recent years been visible only through telescopes until a dramatic outburst made it visible to the naked eye. In fewer than 24 hours, it brightened by a factor of nearly 400,000.

It has now brightened by a factor of a million times what it was before the outburst, a change “absolutely unprecedented in the annals of cometary astronomy,” said Joe Rao, SPACE.com‘s Skywatching Columnist.

The comet is now rivaling some of the brighter stars in the sky.

Anyone with a map should be able to spot it now.” (SPACE.com)

Identical twins reunited after 35 years

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They had been separated at birth to pursue study of ‘nature vs. nurture’. The child psychiatrist who orchestrated the study was without remorse when the twins confronted him. He had been willingly aided by the adoption agency handling their placements, whose psychological consultant felt that it was unhealthy for identical twins to be raised together. Aware that his study would be criticized, the author had locked away the report in the Yale University archives, not to be opened for a century. (Telegraph.UK)
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Speak No ‘Evil’

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What does ‘evil’ look like in a morally relativistic world leery of reductionism?: “Hannah Arendt predicted that, post-Auschwitz, the problem of evil would be a primary focus of contemporary life. And it might have been, except for the fact that, in a destabilized and reflexively ironic age, we are always checking to make sure we haven’t overlooked a mitigating circumstance or an admirable principle gone wrong. Fearful as some of us are about exhibiting a too-primitive and “demonizing” attitude — the kind of macho Us-versus-Them, Axis-of-Evil line of thinking that has made Bush and Company figures of easy derision — we have become increasingly tentative about assigning this stark designation. (In “The Myth of Evil,” Phillip Cole says that his book “asks the question whether evil exists at all and one possible answer I take very seriously is that it does not.”) Few of us would be hesitant to use the word to describe the genocidal regimes, for example, of Stalin, Hitler, Pol Pot and Milosevic. But for the most part, we post-Manichaean postmodernists are more like Neville Chamberlain hoping to win over Hitler with a bit of coaxing than like Winston Churchill, who committed his country to fighting him. Given our a tradition of broad civil tolerance, it makes uneasy sense that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the half-buffoonish, half-demonic leader of Iran, was invited to speak at an ivy-towered bastion of learning, where he gave voice to his hate-mongering views.” (New York Times Magazine)

Doris Lessing: Sept. 11 attacks were not so bad

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“September 11 was terrible, but if one goes back over the history of the IRA, what happened to the Americans wasn’t that terrible.

Some Americans will think I’m crazy. Many people died, two prominent buildings fell, but it was neither as terrible nor as extraordinary as they think. They’re a very naive people, or they pretend to be.

Do you know what people forget? That the IRA attacked with bombs against our government; it killed several people while a Conservative congress was being held and in which the prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, was (attending). People forget.” (AP via Yahoo)

Doris Lessing: Sept. 11 attacks were not so bad

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“September 11 was terrible, but if one goes back over the history of the IRA, what happened to the Americans wasn’t that terrible.

Some Americans will think I’m crazy. Many people died, two prominent buildings fell, but it was neither as terrible nor as extraordinary as they think. They’re a very naive people, or they pretend to be.

Do you know what people forget? That the IRA attacked with bombs against our government; it killed several people while a Conservative congress was being held and in which the prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, was (attending). People forget.” (AP via Yahoo)

Death Knell, or Death-Knell, for the Hyphen?

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“The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, the scaled-down, two-volume version of the mammoth 20-volume O.E.D., just got a little shorter. With the dispatch of a waiter flicking away flyspecks, the editor, Angus Stevenson, eliminated some 16,000 hyphens from the sixth edition, published last month. “People are not confident about using hyphens anymore,” he said. ‘They’re not really sure what they’re for.'” New York Times

World Privacy Forum: Top Ten Opt Outs

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“As privacy experts, we are frequently asked about “opting out,” and which opt outs we think are the most important. This list is a distillation of ideas for opting out that the World Privacy Forum has developed over the years from responding to those questions. The list below does not contain all opt outs that are available. Rather, it contains the opt outs that we believe are the most important and will be the most useful to the most consumers:

  • 1. National Do Not Call Registry

  • 2. Prescreened offers of credit and insurance

  • 3. DMA opt outs

  • 4. Financial institution opt outs

  • 5. CAN SPAM

  • 6. Credit freeze

  • 7. FERPA

  • 8. Data broker opt outs

  • 9. Internet portal opt outs

  • 10. NAI opt out”

Unbroken Chain

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“On November 16-18, 2007 UMass Amherst will host Unbroken Chain, the largest conference on the legacy of the Grateful Dead, and the first to be held by a major university. Scholars, artists, performers, students and members of the extended Grateful Dead family will gather for the event featuring more than 50 presenters for 20 panel sessions ranging from music composition and improvisation to an examination of the band’s business model – as well as a musical performances, gallery exhibits, and presentations.” //www.umassconnections.com/images/logo_CLEAR_NEW.jpg' cannot be displayed]

Related:

UMass course on the history of the Grateful Dead, taught by Robert Weir (no, not that one). (Boston Globe [thanks, Janet])

Silent Minds

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Jerry Groopman, one of my favorite physician-writers, on persistent vegetative state and related conditions. PET and fMRI scanning of some patients shows they are still having complex cognitive functions. Unlike Terry Schiavo’s supporters’ assertions, the issue is not that we are wrong about what goes on in a vegetative state. It is that some, or even many, patients are misdiagnosed:

“According to several American and British studies completed in the late nineties, patients suffering from what is known as “disorders of consciousness” are misdiagnosed between fifteen and forty-three per cent of the time. Physicians, who have traditionally relied on bedside evaluations to make diagnoses, sometimes misinterpret patients’ behavior, mistaking smiling, grunting, grimacing, crying, or moaning as evidence of consciousness. A neuroscientist showed me a video on the Internet of Terri Schiavo, the Florida woman who spent fifteen years in what most doctors agree was a vegetative state—tests revealed almost no activity in her cortex—and whose death, in 2005, provoked fierce debate over the rights of severely brain-damaged patients. (Schiavo died after the Supreme Court rejected her parents’ appeal of a judge’s decision approving her husband’s request that her feeding tube be removed. An autopsy showed extensive brain damage.) In the video, a man’s voice can be heard praising Schiavo for opening her eyes in response to his instructions, and the neuroscientist told me that he was impressed until he muted the sound. “With the sound off, it is clear that her movements are random,” the neuroscientist said. “But, with the voice-over, it is easy to make a misdiagnosis.” (The prognosis for patients such as Schiavo, who suffered brain damage owing to oxygen deprivation following cardiac arrest, is much worse than for those who suffer brain damage as the result of a head injury.)” (The New Yorker)

White House Is Leaning on Interim Appointments

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“With only 15 months left in office, President Bush has left whole agencies of the executive branch to be run largely by acting or interim appointees — jobs that would normally be filled by people whose nominations would have been reviewed and confirmed by the Senate. In many cases, there is no obvious sign of movement at the White House to find permanent nominees, suggesting that many important jobs will not be filled by Senate-confirmed officials for the remainder of the Bush administration. That would effectively circumvent the Senate’s right to review and approve the appointments.” (New York Times )