Secret document leaked and posted to Wikileaks

Start with the well-known Creeley poem, ‘I Know a Man’:

As I sd to my
friend, because I am
always talking, – John, I

sd, which was not his
name, the darkness sur-
rounds us, what

can we do against
it, or else, shall we &
why not, buy a goddamn big car,

drive, he sd, for
christ’s sake, look
out where yr going.

A timeline of recent campus shootings and speculation about what it is about campuses and schools that attracts deranged shooters. (The Lede, The New York Times)

Herbert Spencer (1851): “As a corollary to the proposition that all institutions must be subordinated to the law of equal freedom, we cannot choose but admit the right of the citizen to adopt a condition of voluntary outlawry. If every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man, then he is free to drop connection with the state – to relinquish its protection and to refuse paying toward its support. It is self-evident that in so behaving he in no way trenches upon the liberty of others, for his position is a passive one, and while passive he cannot become an aggressor. It is equally self-evident that he cannot be compelled to continue one of a political corporation without a breach of the moral law, seeing that citizenship involves payment of taxes; and the taking away of a man’s property against his will is an infringement of his rights.”

Bertrand Russell (1943): “To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.”

In his book, Shepard takes issue with the experience of Barbara Ehrenreich, who in Nickeled and Dimed found she was not able to make ends meet or progress beyond a series of menial jobs when she tried self=imposed poverty as a social experiment. Could gender and age be making the difference? Or could it be preconceptions? I haven’t read the book (but I heard him interviewed on NPR) and he sounds vivacious and unjaded, in contrast to Ehrenreich’s well-worn and well-founded cynicism and rage against the machine.

A Guide to Using Caffeine Right. (Developing Intelligence)

…and its future in DSM-V. This editorial from the January 2008 British Journal of Psychiatry from Gerald Rosen, Robert Spitzer and Paul McHugh is music to my ears. It questions the validity and the future of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis because the symptoms it describes are already covered by other depressive and anxiety disorder diagnoses. THe concept of PTSD emerged as a diagnosis with DSM-III in the context of the ’60’s feminist and antiwar movements. I believe it was an expression of the sentiment that victims of abuse and returning Vietnam veterans had experienced something more extraordinary than other sufferers, and therefore that the extremity of their reactions needed to be codified in a new diagnosis. Very quickly, then, insensitivity to the PTSD diagnosis came to seem like insensitivity to the plights of various classes of the downtrodden and oppressed. And, from the patients’ point of view, it has been a very appealing diagnosis to carry, given that it serves to remove the stigma of mental illness from the person and locate the defect in the horrendous external event that befell them.

So, since the inception of the diagnosis in the early 1980’s, there has been a momentum to apply it from both clinicians and patients. As FmH readers will be aware, this bandwagon effect is one of my pet peeves. I have opined that the diagnosis has come to be applied sloppily and indiscriminately whenever an inexperienced, earnest and naive clinician felt that something terrible, deserving of empathy, had happened to their patient. The orthodox adherents of PTSD have claimed that horrendous traumatic experience beyond the pale of what the human nervous system was designed to endure altered neurophysiological functioning in distinct and specific ways, accounting for the defining symptoms of PTSD and justifying the need for such a diagnosis. When the diagnosis was handed out nonchalantly to anyone who had suffered a stress or a loss, in contrast, it lost its specificity, as the sufferer really did not embody such a profound alteration in neurophysiological functioning. What was being described was more run-of-the-mill depression or anxiety in response to expectable stresses and losses. The indiscriminate use of the PTSD diagnosis has also reinforced rampant victim culture in our society.

But this new editorial may represent even a more profound objection to the diagnosis of PTSD than I have been making. It may not be invalidated by being applied too broadly; it may be entirely invalid in the first place. Whwere in the diagnostic pigeonholes were the PTSD sufferers before there was PTSD? They carried depression and/or anxiety diagnoses. Should they be there again? This makes sense to me for several reasons.

First, the description of PTSD involves three symptom clusters — intrusive recollections of the trauma, exaggerated emotional and physiological reactivity when triggered by memories or reminders of what has happened, and self-protective avoidance and constriction of emotion in reaction. In learning and teaching about this diagnosis, I have felt hardpressed to explain how these are different from anxiety, depression, and compensatory efforts. So, in terms of the severity of a trauma, exactly where are we to draw the line between those that merely bum one out, those that cause depression, and those that cause PTSD?

Secondly, it has long been known that resilient individuals do not necessarily develop PTSD symptoms in response to traumatic experiences similar to those that produce the syndrome in others. Since it is shaped by constitutional factors in the suffferer, the concept of a distinctive response to extreme trauma is further watered down.

Thirdly, some argue that there are depressive disorders, there are anxiety disorders, and there is the somewhat unusual fusion of the two symptom complexes in PTSD. But many psychiatrists, myself included, feel we have rarely seen a ‘pure’ depressive or anxiety disorder case, that patients always embody a combination of the two, and that the depressive and anxiety disorders are not as distinct as the diagnostic scheme would have use believe. Among other lines of evidence contributing to this impression is the fact of the overlap in efficacy of therapeutic agents for depression and anxiety. Antidepressants are good anxiolytics (perhaps better than Valium and its modern family of anti-anxiety derivatives, the benzodiazepines). Anti-anxiety medications have a venerable history for the treatment of depression. Treatment for PTSD, in any case, is little more than targeting some combination of anxiety and depressive symptoms, anyway.

Finally, most of the neurobiological explanations for the etiology of PTSD emphasize the impact of activation of the fight-or-flight response, and the bathing of the brain in stress hormones, at the time the trauma is experienced. This supposedly damages the brain and changes its emotional reactivity, its memory processing, etc. thereafter. But, increasingly, depression too has come to be understood as a syndrome of altered brain function and tissue damage from the physiological effects of stress, in a similar way. One interesting trend throughout the mental health field, as it has emphasized biological factors more and more to the exclusion of psychological and emotional, is arguably the lessening separation of heretofore distinctive diagnoses. I have recently heard theoretical speculation that schizophrenic and bipolar (manic depressive) psychoses may not be separate entities either. Indeed, the central distinction in diagnostic psychiatry between disorders of mood and of thought makes less and less sense than we have thought.

In psychiatric epistemology, there has always been a tension between the ‘lumpers’ and the ‘splitters’. Modern developments in diagnostic nomelnclature embodied in recent editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (“DSM”) have clearly been in the hands of the splitters, to a sometimes baroque and ridiculous extent. Distinctions have proliferated, pigeonholes have multiplied. Interestingly, one of the co-authors of this editorial, Robert Spitzer, has been the maven of the DSM process for the past several decades. The reconsideration of PTSD signified by this editorial may represent a long-overdue resurgence of lumping. As a generalist and synthesist in the field, this is very appealing to me…

So, in a sense, it may not be that all or most post-traumatic stress is really depression and anxiety; it may be that all or most depression and anxiety disorders may really be post-traumatic. Much has been written about Freud’s betrayal of the trauma concept. In early vesions of psychoanalytic theory, he had recognized the impact of external events in the etiology of neuroses, but in revising his theory he increasingly focused on internal fantasies. Critics have suggested he was avoiding his own irresolvable conflicts about his relationships with the women in his life. In any case, this was the first of two major betrayals of the patient’s reality in mental health treatment which has shaped the conception of mental disorders and the approach to treatment for the ensuing century or more; the second has been the reductionistic biological focus of the last two decades, removing us even more from the core reality of the patient’s experience. Arguably, it has gotten to the point that third party payors, in a sense, only want to pay for “endogenous” disorders that do not arise from life events, relegating “reactive” syndromes to lesser diagnostic categories which are less reimbursable. In a way, I may have been dead wrong in complaining that PTSD was diagnosed too often and arguing for the more precise use of the concept. The impact of trauma may not be recognized or acknowledged nearly enough.

Reflections from Vaughan’s ever-excellent Mind Hacks:

*Dawdy:

“Yesterday, I wrote about the murder of a psychologist in New York City and wondered aloud and somewhat innocently at why this nonsense happens and continues to happen in our culture. I don’t hear too many stories of Brits hacking their psychiatrists or psychologists to death–OK, I know of zero cases like that in the UK. The post received several comments that I find disturbing and unacceptable, forcing me to ponder why I am even bothering to do this blog if the best I can get out of readers is a bunch of inhumane BS and tired anti-psychiatry polemics.”

As FmH readers know, I maintain an interest in privacy and its violations, although it has largely become a lost cause. In The Anonymity Experiment, a correspondent for Popular Science attempts to obscure her tracks for just a week, in accordance with the following directives:

I heard of this from kottke, and the foregone conclusion was that it would not be very successful. His teaser left me curious about how she would measure the results. The piece is well-documented and I learned a few things about how to cover my tracks better. But her conclusion? Predictably, that you can never know how successful you have been, and that there is more information out there about you than you can ever know.

Speaking of ingrained paranoia, I recently sent out Freedom of Information Act requests to ten government agencies I thought might have records on me from my prior activities. Most wrote back that they found nothing about me, a fact to which I had a complicated reaction. I was (a) relieved; (b) surprised that my lifelong countercultural activities had apparently not attracted the attention I had expected; (c) dismayed I was being thus denied an odd sort of badge of courage; (d) of course, mistrustful of the denials; and (e) mindful of the fact that submitting FOIA requests might per se place me on a watch list or two (which I had not worried about in writing the letters, expecting that I was already on file). The Dept of Homeland Security, by the way, did not answer in the negative, saying instead that it was a matter of national security whether I was being monitored for national security purposes, and therefore declining to answer my request. By the way, don’t we think Carnivore, or some sophisticated government data mining equivalent or improvement, whatever it might be called, is monitoring this post to the internet and flagging me for further concern?

What do FmHers think? Was the whole endeavor foolish on my part?

In his book, Shepard takes issue with the experience of Barbara Ehrenreich, who in Nickeled and Dimed found she was not able to make ends meet or progress beyond a series of menial jobs when she tried self=imposed poverty as a social experiment. Could gender and age be making the difference? Or could it be preconceptions? I haven’t read the book (but I heard him interviewed on NPR) and he sounds vivacious and unjaded, in contrast to Ehrenreich’s well-worn and well-founded cynicism and rage against the machine.

A neurobiological dissection of the complexities of that simplest and most natural of acts. Including speculation on why most of us tip our heads to the right instead of the left when we kiss. (Hint: it has something to do with basic human hemispheric asymmetry). (Scientific American)

The drug is a simple concoction of the food preservatives BHA and BHT, with a novel mechanism to deliver them where they can do some good.

“Marketers spend a billion dollars a year targeting influentials. Duncan Watts says they’re wasting their money.” (Gasp) Could Gladwell have gotten it wrong? Fast Company

Maybe You Should. Psychologists have long known of what is called the Imposter Syndrome, in which people have a secret sense they are less competent than they appear to others. The idea that you’re a phony has been seen as a tormenting reflection of self-doubt in an anxious personality type. But it may be subtler than that. New research clarifies that those suffering from Imposter Syndrome, rather than being phonies, may in effect really be “phony phonies.” Adopting self-deprecation may lower others’ expectations and take pressure off one, preserving or even inflating self-serving confidence. New York Times

Long saga about one of the things that’s wrong with DRM. Fortunately, something of a happy ending. No surprises here to any of you who have thought about the issue of DRM, but it is a first-person illustration.

All of a sudden (after having to reinstall Windows XP for a reason having nothing to do with itunes) itunes tells me that 122 purchased songs (m4p’s) will not be transferred to the ipod on synchronization because I am “not authorized to play them on this machine.” This happened to me several years ago and I recall the solution was arduous, but for the life of me I no longer remember what I did back then to solve the problem (I think I should keep a log of these bedevilling Windows quirks with which I struggle and eventually solve, to recreate them in the future. Because it sseems almost certain they will recur.). Burn me once, shame on you; burn me twice, shame on me, don’t they say that? So why the heck have I continued to buy music from the itunes store???

I start at the obvious place, by DEauthorizing the machine and REauthorizing it with the itunes store, over and over again. It tells me, each time, that authorization was successful and I have now authorized 3 out of my allowed 5 machines (altho I only have ever had itunes installed on one machine). No matter, it obviously sees the machine as changed and therefore as having a different identity. That’s okay, at least I’m authorized now, I’ll deal with deauthorizing the ‘phantom’ machines later. But, even tho’ successfully authorized, I still cannot transfer those 122 tunes to the ipod and itunes still tells me I am not authorized to play them.

Oh yeah, now I remember, you’re supposed to click on one of the “disallowed” songs in itunes and try and play it, and it will get you authorized in a more enduring way. So I do that but it will not play any of the songs in the “purchased” folder no matter how I try.

The old time-honored solution to de-DRM songs, which is to burn the “purchased” playlist to a CD and then re-import the music from the CD into itunes aas plain mp3s, doesn’t work because you can’t burn music you are not authorized to play in itunes. So I research the software the freedom-lovers have made available out there to de-DRM itunes music, like TuneBites. People say it works great. I download a trial version. One fatal hitch, the clever way it works is that it plays your .m4p tune to a virtual CD device it sets up and then rips it back to itunes as an .mp3, de-DRM’ed. Great. You have to be able to play the tune in itunes in the first place to convert it. I guess that makes a twisted sort of sense, since the point of TuneBites is not to steal music but just to allow you to truly own what you bought and paid for, without DRM, to do with as you please. But it will not work for me in this situation.

More research. I look for non-itunes music software for my desktop machine that would play .m4p’s. Maybe then I can burn them or convert them somehow. There’s a plugin for Winamp that’s supposed to do that, but damned if iI can get it to work for me, despite the fact that I know what I’m doing.

Finally I come across a shareware program called m4p2mp3.exe. Download it, install it, let it loose on the 122 songs. It succeeds in converting *most* of them to unprotected mp3s (can’t for the life of me figure out what the difference is between the ones it fails at and those it succeeds with, despite several trials.) Almost good enough, I’ve freed around 100 of the 122 songs. The converted mp3s are perfect copies. Yep, they play great. So I pay for the shareware, in gratitude, and reimport the 100 mp3’s into itunes. I’m gonna “find duplicates” and remove all the DRM’ed original versions, keeping the free versions. But for some reason I click on one of the originals, just to try it one last time before erasing it now that I have a sanitized duplicate of it, and by God it plays. SO DO All THE ORIGINAL M4P VERSIONS OF THOSE 122 SONGS!! Somehow I got reauthorized to play them along the way! I can transfer them to the ipod, burn them to CD, etc etc etc.

WTF?

Still probably a good idea to free everything with my nifty new conversion software (as long as it continues to work, til Apple catches up with it). From now on, I am going to convert anything I buy from the itunes store to a plain ‘ol .mp3 and get rid of the protected .m4p version.

The 2007 winners are in.

Have Cosmologists Lost Theirs?: “It could be the weirdest and most embarrassing prediction in the history of cosmology, if not science…” I love it. (New York Times )

I can’t believe this was posted on a humor site! (And I can’t believe I’ve blinked about both Mad and Cracked, neither of which I have thought about in more than forty years, on the same day.)

…asks the New York Times

The mourners’ kaddish is one of the most powerful prayers in Jewish liturgy, recited by the grieving to reify their loss before the rest of the congregation. The writer yearned to join the other mourners and recite the kaddish for her father, but could she? He had not died, but, she felt, had been just as lost to mental illness. (Tikkun)

From Mind Hacks, a description of a folk remedy for depression, probably from the 16th or 17th century:

…Bringing a sledge hammer to work tomorrow.

Philosopher Nick Bostrom argues that the pharmaceutical industry should be encouraged to develop cognition-enhancing drugs without having to tie them to a specific disease indication.

Bostrom, by the way, sounds like he works at an interesting venue, the “Future of Humanity Institute of the James Martin 21st Century School” at Oxford.

Potential Hazards of the Protect America Act (crypto.org pdf). One example of a generalized principle, that ill-conceived solutions are not just ineffective but often exacerbate the problems they are designed to address. This cuts across disciplines but is particularly prevalent in social policy interventions as well as the area with which I am more familiar, the practice of medicine (e.g. antibiotic use increasing the risk of virulent infections).

Do you know someone who would like to vote their values in choosing a presidential candidate but is unsure who best represents them? Send them here. First, you clarify the relative importance of various issues by distributing points among them. Then you specify where you stand on the issues by taking a short quiz. The site will tell you how congruent to your priorities and viewpoints those of a given candidate are. There are quotes and video links typifying each candidate’s position on each issue. You can slice and dice it any way you like, by candidate across issues or by issue across candidates.

The last post to which more than one comment was entered was this, more than two weeks ago. And that was only two comments. You must go back several days further for any more of a conversation in response to one of my posts.

The vulnerable died more often than the hale and hearty. we learn. What in the world is the least bit surprising about that? (Yahoo! News)

I often think of New Year’s resolutions as frontal assaults on one’s stuck points or failings. That may be why they rarely work and people generally do not stick to their resolutions. Better to approach things obliquely when you are stuck. Brian Eno and Peter Schmidt’s oracular Oblique Strategies cards have long been a powerful way to do so, and can lead to some pretty powerful resolutions. You can get a new oblique aphorism every time you reload this page.

Kottke discusses why the Patriots should lose the Superbowl, to avoid becoming boring and to embody the ennobling tragic flaw. I am not much of a football fan but, living in Boston this season, I have to play one. And I have been saying essentially the same thing kottke says. As the season has progressed I have become fond of tweaking the noses of the ‘real’ football fans I find myself among with scurrilous comments about how the games are not worth watching because the outcome has not really been in question.

I was pointed to this article by kottke, who comments that, if he ever thought he was a multitasker, he was disabused of the notion after he had a child. My wife said the same thing after our son was born. Even going out to ‘kid-friendly’ social occasions was no fun for her, because of the stress associated with dividing her attention as called for when you care about paying attention to your child. That sounds like what is being described above. On the other hand, I was never distressed in those and similar situations. Clearly, some parents can socialize without dividing their attention… by ignoring their child’s interruptions of ‘adult conversation.’ But I never felt that was my story. Whenever the neuroscientists describe generalize about how ‘people’ do such and such a task, I always append the word ‘typically’. There is a spectrum of ability and dysfunction. Some people are better multitaskers than others. As I am sitting here writing that sentence, I am simultaneously thinking that it is not earthshattering news; indeed, it is probably a truism.

There is probably nothing special about the capacity of multitasking to “wear down our system through biochemical friction.” Readers of FmH will know I refer from time to time to the emerging understanding that stress hormones mediate actual tissue damage in the CNS, whatever the source of the stress. If multitasking is stressful or depressing to you, the demand to do it will wear you down. If you are more successful at it and not as stressed out, it will not wear you down, or not as much.

Certainly, in a modern world in which multitasking demands impinge on us more, vulnerabilities which exist in the population will be brought out. A new sort of selective pressure is being brought to bear on mental fitness. But I think the more significant finding of the research described above is the conclusion that multitasking demands we concentrate on the act of concentration rather than the content of the task, i.e. shifting activity from the hippocampus (which places significance on experiences and facilitates their storage in memory) to the striatum. But wait a minute. Is it necessarily a dire outcome if we do more things by rote in a world which enforces certain rote routines on us? It seems to me the key to successful multitasking is being strategic in picking which tasks you multitask at. It is simple — multitask at the rote tasks. But this is no new insight and it did not take functional MRI to tell us — there are certain tasks you must do with heart and attention and others you can do by rote, and you must take care to choose wisely. A simple example — someone can always tell, talking to me on the phone, if I have a computer screen open in front of me and am dividing my attention between reading and talking. It takes some care not to let the onscreen material be compelling and steal my attention at the moment I should be giving my heart to the person to whom I am talking. I have to look away from the screen or close my eyes.

One of the absurdities of the current romance with the reductionist concept of attention deficit disorder is that the control of attention is a complex multifaceted process with many parameters and many ways to be deficient. We have to sustain our attention, focus it, avoid distractions, shift flexibly on demand but not shift too much. We have to restore our attentional focus after falling victim to distraction. We have to modulate the depth and breadth of our attention. We need the ability for unfocused mindfulness. Each of these aspects of the attentional process is mediated by different neural circuitry.

Being better or worse at multitasking — dividing our attention — is only one of the ways to be better or worse at control of attention. For example, much of what passes for skill at sharing simultaneous attention among multiple tasks may really be skill at timeslicing, rapidly shifting. Or prioritizing the relative importance of foreground and background attention. Or balancing the focus and the unfocus.

Another factor in the stress imposed by multitasking may be not the challenge to neurocognitive control processes but to our self-presentation and self-integration. There are subtle or not-so-subtle influences to bring different personas to different tasks, especially when we interact remotely across electronic media. People have vastly different capacities to inhabit, balance and shift among different facets of their personality. At one extreme are those chameleonic individuals who reshape themselves in response to the demands of whatever context in which they find themselves; at the opposite extreme, those people who seem ‘themselves’ consistently across all contexts. The modulation and control of persona is, analogously, as complex and diverse as that of attention. The presentation of self in everyday life, to use Goffman’s term (1959), can either be comfortable or impose tremendous stress on the performer.

But is it really ‘wiring problems’ which underlie such disorders?

Related? Misreading the Mind

Jonah Lehrer, author of Proust Was a Neuroscientist, argues against neuroreductionism. How can we get beyond the fact that modern neuroscience is in the process of throwing out the only reality that we know, the ghost in the machine of the self? (Los Angeles Times op-ed)

[Warning: this piece strays, by the end, quite far from mystery…]

There is new case law that says so. A novelist living in Devon has just won a large settlement award for a claim that, brain-damaged by toxic fumes, she became unable to finish a ‘serious’ novel and instead turned to writing crime fiction. This happens just as the barriers between ‘literary’ and ‘populist’ fiction appear to be breaking down. I came upon this Guardian article because I have a standing Google alert set up for new references to Ian Rankin, Scottish writer of police procedurals who is mentioned in the lede of the essay and whose work I enjoy as much as any ‘serious’ fiction I read. If the major distinction is the relatively greater emphasis on plot, then perhaps I do not read any serious literature at all any more, as I look for a thumpin’ good story in most of the literature I read.

Many psychiatrists and therapists are aficionados of mysteries. I have considered several explanations for that. For one thing, mystery writers are in the habit of looking unflinchingly iinto the dark recesses of the soul, as do mental health professionals. When I was in training, one of my supervisors, Les Havens, a brilliant and iconoclastic psychiatrist on whose every word I hung as if it was the gospel, once told me that John Le Carré was one of the most insightful analysts of character who had ever written, and I’ve devoured Le Carré ever since.

But, for another thing, after a day at the office many a therapist tires of thinking only about character and thirsts for something with a storyline. This is especially true of stories that have a satisfying outcome, which I sometimes feel we do not see that often in my line of work. Patients with major mental illnesses often remain static, the things that do not work about their lives unchanging, with few resolutions and only minor improvements despite considerable and repetitive struggle. When one works with the severely mentally ill, it seems to me on many days that it is about helping them and their loved ones in bearing what cannot change rather than changing what cannot be borne. But, ah, a story with tension, a climax, and resolution….

For most psychiatrists, science fiction does not have an appeal comparable to mysteries, but I have been an aficionado of that genre as well. (Few psychiatrist are as geeky as I have become, I suspect…) I have a Google alert set for Neal Stephenson as well as Rankin. Stephenson, incidentally, might consider himself as much a genre-bender as Rankin. Can one really say, with his Baroque Cycle, that he is still writing science fiction? For that matter, can one say that of William Gibson’s recent work? I have always paid attention to the ways in which social context causes, or contributes to, my patients’ psychiatric distress. Speculative fiction often turns on the extrapolation of social trends to extreme and/or surprising conclusions. That, more than ‘hard’ science fiction revolving merely around scientific or technological extrapolation, has always appealed to me, although it is a truism to say that technological trends are major shapers of social trends.

As for my geekiness, my involvement with computing, I find the appeal to a mental health professional clear and I have been surprised it is not more broadly shared by my colleagues. When I sit down at my computer desk, I can make a machine do whatever I want it to do in a manner that never happens in interacting with other human beings during my workday. And, if things don’t turn out as I expect with the machine, it is entirely my fault and my approach can be corrected or perfected to gain the expected outcome, my mistake immediately clear. There are alot of “aha!” moments; the sense of mastery is immediate and very satisfying. This is very unlike psychotherapeutic work, which depends on the complex dance of interacting with the subjectivity of another (the I-Thou relationship, as distinct from the I-It relationship, to use Martin Buber’s terminology) and where, I might argue, mastery is never a word one would use except in a cocky sense.

This appeal of mechanistic success, which I get out of ordering a computer around, may be what drives some psychiatrists to psychopharmacology, in the illusion that it is more definitive and that results come more rapidly than any of the other more murky facets of mental health work. But, I would argue, the satisfaction from mechanistic psychopharmacology in isolation is usually ill-founded and transient, and people are mistaken if they think pushing pills is treating people with mental illnesses. One of the best, least mechanistic, psychopharmacologists I knew fulfilled himself in his off-hours with sculptural metal welding, and another with wooden boat building. Hmmm. Maybe more mental health folks ought to take up a technological pursuit, so that they do not have to be so mechanistic with their psychiatric patients.

What we know and what we remember are both clearly part of the memory system but a new study demonstrates they are mediated differently neuropsychologically. (Cognitive Daily)

Thanks to Walker for pointing me toward this essay by Sarah Boxer, which purports to explain blogs and blogging to New York Review of Books readers (as if most of them were unfamiliar with the medium, which I doubt). I don’t know who Boxer is, but her cred for this piece seems to be based on the fact that she was given a “dreadful idea for a book: create an anthology of blogs” two years ago. Could this have been her first serious acquaintanceship with the weblogging world? From this piece, it appears so. And a rather undiscriminating acquaintanceship it turns out to have become.

She agonizes over whether there is a distinctive blogging style of writing (duh); trumpets the assertion that the medium is different from journalism (a conceit the weblogging world got finished discussing several years ago); and seems to have a difficult time with the essential nature of hyperlinking and the fact that the experience of reading a weblog does not stay within the boundaries of the page as she claims is the case with other reading experiences. I don’t know about her, but my mind travels widely and freely, hyperlinks or not, when I read a book or a newspaper article as well. In fact, sometimes I have worried that the hyperlinking medium constrains and channels extensibility too much, rather than facilitating it.

She also makes much of the red herring (or is it straw man?) issue that many of the references she finds in weblog entries are elliptical. She complains that she feels left out because the weblog writers she’s been reading assume their readers are in the know, that you cannot read them successfully if you are not in the inner circle. With this concern she reveals her failure to grasp the central populist revolution of webcentric communication, the ability to remain viable even with incredibly balkanized audiences. (She also complains that bloggers seem to rely on the fact that their readers can get background on references with which they are unfamiliar by googling!) I have often concluded that the only people who read FmH when in profound disagreement with, or ignorance of, my values or premises are those who enjoy being contentious or compelled to demonstrate their ignorance. For better or worse, a thoughtful essay about the weblogging medium would continue to grapple with whether this balkanization and atomization is good for intellectual life at all. Although clearly new media have added potential to human communication, readers of FmH know that I have been troubled about the indubitable breakdown of discourse between people who disagree throughout our society. One needs to struggle with the ways in which this is being shaped by our changing media of communication, including but not restricted to weblogging and the net as a whole. But this is not where Boxer is going at all.Her concerns would make sense to me if she came right out and confirmed that she is discomforted by new media and yearns nostalgically to salve her anomie by returning to the days before the web added possibilities to written communication at all. But this woman was given a book contract to write about blogging!

One of Boxer’s core observation seems to be more insightful, although it is far from original to her:

Because she is essentially unfamiliar with the weblogging world either longitudinally or in breadth, she takes every generalization for the rule. Of course, if she reads indiscriminately, she will come upon a preponderance of vapid bloggers concerned with getting noticed and little else. Most serious consumers of the medium (and I would hasten to include my FmH reades in that category) stick with the relatively smaller proportion of sites which say something to them. And that is really no different than any other medium of human interaction. Do we dismiss literature, film, journalism, music, the visual arts, or what have you because of the distasteful attention-seekers that occupy a proportion of their space? We either stay shallow and worship in the cult of celebrity, or get beyond it to find some more enduring value in the medium.

Because she takes the part for the whole, she can get away with assertions like this:

This ignores the webloggers of integrity who make it clear exactly who they are and express transparently the values they inhabit in their life. Writers or artists can hide behind a medium or express themselves through it, and, again, the audience of any particular weblog self-selects. By their choices, readers get the weblog content they deserve. Boxer’s conclusions from her reading choices suggest that, yes, she has gotten exactly what she deserves. She thinks she’s characterizing the weblogging world, but what she writes really has much more to say about herself. Consider:

A certain proportion of what I read in the NYRB impresses and inspires me. I have no patience for another proportion of its content, because of its tortured logic and the irrelevance of its erudition or pseudoprofundity. This is the rare NYRB piece utterly dismissible for its illogic, its lack of erudition and its failure to aspire to even the pseudo– level of profundity.

One can only hope…

Surely someone has had a genuine midlife crisis?? “Why do we have to label a common reaction of the male species to one of life’s challenges — the boredom of the routine — as a crisis? True, men are generally more novelty-seeking than women, but they certainly can decide what they do with their impulses.” (International Herald Tribune)

Why Can’t Environmentalism Be Colorblind? (Orion)

Robert M. Sapolsky: “Anyone who says peace is not part of human nature knows too little about primates, including ourselves.” (Greater Good)

“The entire surface of the planet is inevitably going to be a human artifact.” (Science Musings)

Burning biofuels may be worse than coal and oil, say experts: “Scientists point to cost in biodiversity and farmland…” (Guardian.UK)

A philosopher reviews Christopher Lane’s Shyness. It is provocative but it fails, he says, in its attempt to make a case against social phobia as a diagnostic construct and to impeach the current system of psychiatric diagnosis embodied in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual). (Metapsychology Online Reviews)

An expert on robots takes today’s advances in computer software and processing speeds to its inevitable conclusion.

This is just another example of correlation not being causation. A certain number of correlations will occur by chance. I am more interested in another sort of nominative determinism — anecdotal cases of people’s names being suited to their roles in life. This was popularized by New Scientist in its back pages. The best case of this I ever ran across personally was when I went to a psychiatric conference concerning violence, whose three keynote speakers were Schouten, Swearingen and Blood. Honest.

“Sometimes the sky itself is the best show in town.” (Astronomy Picture of the Day)

2007 Atlanta Photojournalism Seminar Contest Winners

Could Congress possibly be as gullible again?

‘The U.S. has dropped $10 billion into Pakistani dictator Pervez Musharraf’s lap — much of it in cash. Allegedly, that’s to fight the jihadists in his country and across his border. But,

Terrible title but important issue: “Arrogant doctors criticize their patients who go online to research ailments. But they’re wrong. The best health sites are a boon to patients and doctors alike.

…

A 2004 study showed that almost two-thirds of patients would like to have Internet information provided to them by their doctor. In contrast, a 2001 study of doctors showed that barely half of them encouraged their patients to go online (although the trend has been increasing over time), and 80 percent actually warned them against doing so.

In one regard, this is simply bad business. Pew tells us that patients either fire doctors unwilling to help them with the Web or keep going online without telling them. More important, when patients do venture online themselves, they can sink into a swamp of outdated medical studies, confront a lot of misinformation, and risk creating a rift in the doctor-patient relationship.” (Salon) I’m not sure arrogance exactly captures it. Certainly, there are insufferably arrogant MDs, but I am not sure they are those most threatened by their patient’s use of Google. Insecurity is more to teh point. The old model of the medical profession as an esoteric priesthood guarding secret knowledge should have long since given way to a collaborative model empowering patients, but many physicians do not realize it.

“Women voters rallied en masse for her — but she has run as a stereotypical male and represents the same old cowardly Clintonian politics.” Frances Kissling is a 2007-2008 Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University and the former president of Catholics for a Free Choice. (Salon)

The Financial Times‘ ‘Undercover Economist’ on the psychoeconomics of ordering behavior in restaurants. The bottom line is that the rest of the people around the table strive not to duplciate an order someone else at the table has already chosen; and that the person who orders frist is happiest with their meal.

How Wrong Were The Polls?

Does current lethal injection procedure equal cruel and unusual punishment?

The current method of execution by lethal injection involves three phases. First the prisoner is put to sleep with a powerful barbiturate, then the muscles are paralyzed with pancuronium, and finally the heart is stopped with an infusion of potassium chloride. Opponents argue that if the procedure is botched the victim may be essentially awake and aware, but paralyzed and unable to signify that they are suffering because paralyzed. Under the influence of pancuronium, people can feel as if they are suffocating. The potassium chloride injection can be excruciating, making them feel that their body is on fire. The success of such a complex three-step procedure depends upon its proper execution by medically trained personnel, and opponents argue that there are substantial possibilities for error in the formulation, dosage or administration of the agents. For example, if the intravenous needle misses a vein, the medication will be infused under the skin instead and not circulate through the system. Because no medical personnel are in the death chamber during the procedure, the assurances that it will be done properly cannot be offered.

Veterinarians have long since given up on a similar three-drug procedure for such reasons. When animals large or small are euthanized, they are merely “put to sleep” with massive barbiturate dosages. For those opponents of the current method of execution by lethal injection who are not opponents of execution overall, the adoption of the veterinary one-agent method would meet many of the pending legal challenges to lethal injection. Moving to this procedure has thus been proposed in several states, but none have moved on the proposals. Expressed reluctance is about being an outlyer and first adopter of an untested methodology.

However, I think the real reluctance to abandoning the three-substance method of lethal injection is all about how unpleasant it is to watch a dying body twitch and convulse if it is not paralyzed first. Proponents concede it would be very difficult for those who witness executions otherwise. In essence, we are protecting observers from the inherent barbarity of humans putting other humans to death with a veneer of civility achieved through the use of pancuronium. Absurdly, as long as it is not like “putting down” an animal, as long as it appears peaceful and undistressing, we as members of society can console ourselves that we are not complicit with “cruel and unusual punishment”.

Some of the most bloodthirsty, vengeful proponents of the death penalty have it right in a sense, arguing that it is absurd to be so concerned about the suffering of someone you are putting to death in another few moments. At least this constitutes a recognition of the inherent barbarity, which the rest of the advocates of execution are comfortably able to ignore.