Five factors caused sub collision, admiral testifies. Rear Adm. Charles Griffiths Jr. said a longer periscope search could have averted the disaster and cited five contributing factors:

Lack of qualified sonar operators.

Broken equipment that could have helped detect the Japanese ship.

The number and location of the civilian visitors.

A rush to complete the emergency surfacing drill.

A command climate in which crew members were unaccustomed to questioning the commanding officer because they trusted his skills. AP